etc. He acted promptly. He stressed the need for all parties to sacrifice their animosities for the common good, and volunteered, as "the first citizen of a free people," to be the mediator between the contending factions. 13 January] 1746 – 29 March 1792) note on dates was King of Sweden from 1771 until his assassination in 1792. His sister-in-law Charlotte implied as much in her famous diary. The Enlightenment's most important idea was that all people can reason and think for themselves. Earlier in foreign affairs, however, and privately, Gustav had shown considerable interest in the American Revolution and had this to say about it in October 1776: The Riksdag of 1786 marks a turning-point in Gustav's history. The match was not a happy one, owing partly to an incompatibility of temperament, but still more to the interference of Gustav's jealous mother, Queen Louisa Ulrika. Even his most hostile teachers were amazed by his combination of natural gifts. 13 January] 1746 – 29 March 1792)note on dates[1] was King of Sweden from 1771 until his assassination in 1792. The Riksdag was mainly run by the Swedish nobility in the Secret Committee, a group that dealt with finances and foreign affairs. Born in Stockholm, the eldest son of the Prince Adolph Frederick and Louise Ulrica. His visit to the French capital was, however, no mere pleasure trip; it was also a political mission. The letter was written in French, and in translation it stated: To the King — with the greatest humility. An admirer of Voltaire, Gustav legalized Catholic and Jewish presence in Sweden, and enacted wide-ranging reforms aimed at economic liberalism, social reform and the restriction, in many cases, of torture and capital punishment. Among many liberal reforms he had made (while also cracking down on dissent) was to curtail the powers of the Swedish nobility. She also wrote plays, stories, and memoirs. ), The king was carried back to his quarters, and the exits of the Opera were sealed. It was in the foyer of the opera house that King Gustav III was assassinated. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. [21], The King twitched and said “ai” without falling. The poets and the philosophers paid him enthusiastic homage, and distinguished women testified to his superlative merits. GUSTAV III OF Sweden (1746-92) is one of the least studied of the later eighteenth-century rulers known as the Enlightened Despots. The Riksdag Gustav III convened in 1778 proved tractable, but his reforms eventually aroused dissatisfaction among the nobility. Seizing power from the government in a coup d'état, called the Swedish Revolution, in 1772 that ended the Age of Liberty, he initiated a campaign to restore a measure of Royal autocracy, which was completed by the Union and Security Act of 1789, which swept away most of the powers exercised by the Swedish Riksdag (parliament) during the Age of Liberty, but at the same time it opened up the government for all citizens, thereby breaking the privileges of the nobility. Napoleon I, France . The Enlightenment (Age of Reason) 1600s-1700s 8 terms. Returning to Sweden, Gustav aroused popular indignation against the mutinous aristocratic officers. Nonetheless, his successful leadership in the Battle of Svensksund averted a complete military defeat and signified that Swedish military might was to be countenanced. In 1792 he was mortally wounded by a gunshot in the lower back during a masquerade ball as part of an aristocratic-parliamentary coup attempt, but managed to assume command and quell the uprising before succumbing to sepsis 13 days later, a period during which he received apologies from many of his political enemies. In 1774, an ordinance was proclaimed providing for the liberty of the press, though "within certain limits". Gustavus III. [9] Gustav's mother supported rumors that he was not the father of his first son and heir. Precocious and well educated, he became a patron of the arts and music. In 1766 he married Sofia Magdalena, daughter of King Frederick V of Denmark. After his controversial mother's death in 1782, he found consolation in the birth of the Duke of Småland, but this was followed by severe grief when the child died the following year. By 1792, King Gustav III of Sweden had amassed an enormous amount of personal power, displacing the old constitutional monarchy and forming an absolutist system based on the principles of the Enlightenment. The Russians lost one-third of their fleet and 7,000 men. This caused conflicts - and, later, war. Even people with very little power or money should have the same rights as the rich and powerful to help create the societ… Even those who were prepared to acquiesce in the change by no means liked it. Gustav succeeded in 1771 to a Swedish throne that had been weak since it was subordinated to the Riksdag in 1720. That year, he named his brother, the Duke of Södermanland (later Charles XIII), to the office of Grand Master for the Grand Lodge of Sweden. A conspiracy to have the king assassinated and reform the constitution was created within the nobility in the winter of 1791–92. A form of government in the 18th century in which absolute monarchs pursued legal, social, and educational reforms inspired by the Enlightenment. Title: The Enlightenment 1 The Enlightenment 2 What Was the Enlightenment? Gustav was also active as a playwright. [12] When his second son was born, there was no doubt as to his legitimacy, and the boy was strong and healthy. Criminal justice became more lenient, the death penalty was restricted to a relatively short list of crimes (including murder), and torture was abolished in order to gain confessions, although the "strict death penalty", with torture-like corporal punishment preceding the execution, was maintained. Many of these monarchs read Enlightenment works and were intrigued by the new ideas thinkers put forth. In 1772 he founded the Royal Order of Vasa to acknowledge and reward those Swedes who had contributed to advances in the fields of agriculture, mining and commerce. He became a Freemason in 1780, and introduced the Rite of Strict Observance into Sweden. 17-1 26 terms. Berg6. At ten o'clock on 19 August, Gustav mounted his horse and rode to the arsenal. On the stage several masked men – some witnesses talked of 20 or 30 men – made it impossible for the king to proceed. Short as the session was, it was long enough for the deputies to realize that their political supremacy was over. Gustav married Princess Sophia Magdalena, daughter of King Frederick V of Denmark, by proxy in Christiansborg Palace, Copenhagen, on 1 October 1766 and in person in Stockholm on 4 November 1766. Gustav He undertook to seize the fortress of Sveaborg in Finland by a coup de main. Anckarström edged himself behind the King, took out the pistol from his left inner pocket and pulled the trigger. When the British were preparing to establish a colony in Botany Bay, the Government of Gustav III agreed to sponsor William Bolts' proposal for an equivalent venture in Nuyts Land (the south-western coast of Australia). Capitalizing on the powerful anti-aristocratic passions thus aroused, Gustav summoned a Riksdag early in 1789, at which he put through an Act of Union and Security on 17 February 1789 with the backing of the three lower estates. People from the King's lifeguard stood some meters away. The Grand Lodge conferred upon him the title "Vicarius Salomonis" (Vicar of Solomon).[22]. (Charles III of Spain, Catherine II of Russia, Gustav III of Sweden, Joseph I of Portugal) They had changed places with the king. But the victorious Hat party, which mainly represented the interests of the aristocracy and military establishment, refused to redeem the pledges that they had given before the previous elections. Gustav III is mainly remembered for his passion for arts, literature, theatre and music. Gustav III (ruled 1771-1792) Swedish, read French enlightenment works, absolutism. For the consummation of the marriage, the king and queen requested actual physical instruction by Count Adolf Munck, reportedly because of anatomical problems of both spouses. A song was composed by Carl Michael Bellman called the "Toast to King Gustav!". The dilapidated finances were set in good order by the "currency realization ordinance" of 1776. When Frederick of Hessen died in 1751, he was succeeded by Adolf Frederick, who ruled until his death in 1771. Meanwhile, the Privy Council and its president, Rudbeck, had been arrested and the fleet secured. Throughout 1789 and 1790, Gustav conducted a war with Russia known as the Russo-Swedish War of 1788–90. The war with Russia caused this venture to be abandoned.[26]. According to the 18th- century philosopher Immanuel Kant, the motto of the Enlightenment was Sapere aude! Anckarström was arrested the following morning and immediately confessed to the murder, although he denied a conspiracy until informed that Horn and Ribbing had also been arrested and had confessed in full.[20]. He was not a great general like Frederick II of Prussia or a great empire-builder like Catherine II of Russia, nor did he labour tirelessly to rationalise the administration of a conglomeration of disparate principalities like Joseph II of Austria. The philosophes and ambiguous one, as a consideration of Gustav III of Sweden (1771-1792), traditionally included among eighteenth-century en-lightened despots, will show. This was a very new idea at the time. Once Finland was secured, he intended to embark for Sweden, join up with the king and his friends near Stockholm, and force the estates to accept a new constitution dictated by the king. To this end he became a patron of the Swedish arts, curtailed the power and corruption of … The much-praised Freedom of the Press Act of 1766 was severely curtailed, however, by amendments in 1774 and 1792, effectively extinguishing independent media.[2]. A patron of the arts and benefactor of arts and literature, Gustav founded the Swedish Academy, created a national costume and had the Royal Swedish Opera built. Gustav was the son of … This incident became the basis of an opera libretto by Eugène Scribe set by Daniel Auber in 1833 under the title Gustave III, by Saverio Mercadante in 1843 as Il Reggente,and by Giuseppe Verdi in 1859 as Un ballo in maschera (A Masked Ball), with the specifics changed under the pressure of censorship. When they reached the King, they heard him say “ai, je suis blessé”. His influence was so profound that an English traveler, upon seeing a Grecian temple in the far north, noted that its “magnificence and taste, like that monarch … [have] nothing in common with the country in which it has arisen.” [9] The close personal relationships that he formed with two of his courtiers, Count Axel von Fersen and Baron Gustav Armfelt, were alluded to in that regard. Another important idea was that a society is best when everyone works together to create it. Ultimately, he quelled their rebellion and arrested its leaders. Gustav took an active part in every department of business, but relied heavily on extra-official counsellors of his own choosing rather than upon the Privy Council of Sweden. Gustav then founded a separate entity for spoken drama, the Royal Dramatic Theatre, with a new building behind the Royal Swedish Opera house. For his cultural activity no less than his political achievements, his reign is known as the Gustavian, or Swedish, Enlightenment. You may want to encourage students to dress in a costume. By 1791 Gustav III aimed at forming a league of European monarchs to oppose the developing French Revolution. [24] Come, let us go down. [5] Through the acquisition of Saint Barthélemy in 1784, Gustav enabled the restoration, if symbolic, of Swedish overseas colonies in America, as well as great personal profits from the transatlantic slave trade.[6][7]. On the evening of 18 August, all the officers whom he thought he could trust received secret instructions to assemble in the great square facing the arsenal on the following morning. Gustaf IV Adolf)", Prince Charles Philip, Duke of Södermanland, King Władysław IV of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania, King John II Casimir of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania, John Albert, Prince-Bishop of Warmia and Kraków, Prince Frederick Adolf, Duke of Östergötland, Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of Västerbotten, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gustav_III&oldid=1002448554, Honorary Members of the St Petersburg Academy of Sciences, People of the Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790), Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with minor POV problems from February 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2020, Articles needing additional references from August 2018, All articles needing additional references, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia with a Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles with KULTURNAV identifiers, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with RKDartists identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 24 January 2021, at 14:38. Gustav III was approached by Jacob Magnus Sprengtporten, a Finnish nobleman, who had incurred the enmity of the Caps, with the prospect of a revolution. It is widely agreed that the contribution and dedication of Gustav III to the performing arts in Sweden, notably the building of the theatre houses and the founding of a national theatre company, has been crucial to the Swedish culture. If the Riksdag of 1778 had been docile, the Riksdag of 1786 was mutinous. He was an intelligent and cultured advocate of the Enlightenment and a Francophile. Simultaneously, influence from Enlightenment thinkers led Gustav III to pursue economic and social liberalism. [19], The King, von Essen and Pollet continued through a corridor leading from the foyer towards the opera stage where the dancing took place. Gustav III was known in Sweden and abroad by his Royal Titles, or styles: 1. The structure of the salon should be a seminar/discussion. Gustav III was King of Sweden from 1771 until his assassination in 1792. Toll proposed to raise a second revolt in the province of Scania, and to secure the southern fortress of Kristianstad. His profound knowledge of popular assemblies enabled him, alone among contemporary sovereigns, to gauge the scope of the French Revolution accurately from the first. The poor law was amended and limited religious liberty was proclaimed for both Roman Catholics and Jews. Gustav III (24 January [O.S. [1] Gustav had arrived earlier that evening to enjoy a dinner in the company of friends. People do not even have to believe what churches teach or what priestssay. On the evening of 20 August, heralds roamed the streets proclaiming that the estates were to meet at the palace on the following day; every deputy absenting himself would be regarded as the enemy of his country and his king. 1 in D Wq 183 (H663): II. [citation needed] Following the uprising against the French monarchy in 1789, Gustav pursued an alliance of princes aimed at crushing the insurrection and re-instating his French counterpart, King Louis XVI, offering Swedish military assistance as well as his leadership. Part of the speech by Gustav III to the Estates: A new constitution, the Instrument of Government, was read to the estates and unanimously accepted by them. During his reign (1771-1792 AD), the ideas of Enlightenment reached Sweden and changed society. At the time of his accession, the Swedish Riksdag held more power than the monarchy, but the Riksdag was bitterly divided between rival parties,[1] the Hats and Caps. City: Stockholm, Sweden Gustav III, the eldest son of King Adolf Frederick of Sweden, was the king of Sweden from 1771 to 1792. Updates? During this time he became one of the key proponents of a policy known as "enlightened absolutism", where he espoused the ideals of the Enlightenment while increasing his own power and autocracy. Due to the crowd, Pollet receded behind the King, who bent backwards to talk to Pollet. On the way, his adherents joined him in little groups, as if by accident, so that by the time he reached his destination he had about 200 officers in his suite. He was an enlightened despot and a philosophe. Gustav was especially interested in drama and opera; he invited German and French actors to perform in Stockholm and encouraged the leading Swedish … Under the sway of the Cap faction, Sweden seemed in danger of falling prey to the political ambitions of Russia. Catherine II of Russia admired the philosophes. From 4 February to 25 March 1771, Gustav was in Paris, where he carried both the court and the city by storm. The king's one great economic blunder[citation needed] was the attempt to make the sale of alcohol a government monopoly, which clearly infringed upon the privileges of the estates[citation needed]. Although he may be charged with many foibles and extravagances, Gustav III is regarded one of the leading sovereigns of the 18th century for patronage of the arts. A month later, on 14 August 1790, a peace treaty was signed between Russia and Sweden: the Treaty of Värälä. Enlightened absolutism (also called enlightened despotism or enlightened absolutist) refers to the conduct and policies of European absolute monarchs during the 18th and early 19th centuries who were influenced by the ideas of the Enlightenment, espousing them to enhance their power. But the Swedish nobility remained implacably opposed to him, and an aristocratic conspiracy succeeded when Gustav was shot by Captain Jacob Johan Anckarström while attending the Stockholm opera house on March 16, 1792; the king died two weeks later. [1] He was placed under the tutelage of Hedvig Elisabet Strömfelt until the age of five, then educated under the care of two governors who were among the most eminent Swedish statesmen of the day: Carl Gustaf Tessin and Carl Fredrik Scheffer. Confidential agents from the Swedish court had already prepared the way for him, and the Duke of Choiseul, the retired Chief Minister, resolved to discuss with him the best method of bringing about a revolution in France's ally, Sweden. Gustav had actively promoted the Swedish economy, and his economic ideas and policies were greatly influenced by mercantilism. There were also rumors that the queen was made pregnant by Munck, who would then be the true father of the heir Prince Gustav Adolf. And after roughly ten minutes he said “this would have been an opportunity to shoot. The Promise of Enlightenment 76 terms. The era of opera during his time is referred to today as the Gustavian Opera.[25]. Gustav III of Sweden . (I am wounded. Anckarström then lost courage, dropped the pistol and knife and shouted fire. King Gustav was especially fond of him and suffered obvious and severe mental and physical reactions to the baby's illness and death. On 21 August, the king appeared in full regalia. He invested in the economic and cultural prosperity of Sweden. Gustavus III (1746-1792) was king of Sweden from 1771 to 1792. Gustav III was known in Sweden and abroad by his Royal Titles, or styles: Gustav was born in Stockholm. On the whole, Gustav cannot be said to have been well educated, but he read widely; there was scarcely a French author of his day with whose works he was not intimately acquainted. The consequence was that nearly all the royal propositions were either rejected outright or so modified that Gustav himself withdrew them. He was well-acquainted with the philosophy of Voltaire, well-known for his advocacy of freedom of religion, freedom of speech, and separation of church and state. He was also very influenced by the French culture over all, and the culture of the traditional royal court in particular. A bulwark of enlightened despotism, Gustav spent considerable public funds on cultural ventures, which were controversial among his critics, as well as military attempts to seize Norway with Russian aid, then a series of attempts to re-capture the Swedish Baltic dominions lost during the Great Northern War through the failed war with Russia. Slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. In 1766 he married Sofia Magdalena, daughter of King Frederick V of Denmark. When Catherine the Great refused to abandon her ally Denmark, Gustav declared war on Russia in June 1788, while it was deeply engaged in a war with the Ottoman Empire to the south. He was now indeed their sovereign lord. In the 1770s Jewish immigrants were invited to settle and start businesses in Sweden in order to stimulate entrepreneurship and commerce. [opinion] The subsequent attempts of the dominant Caps to reduce him to a roi fainéant (a powerless king), encouraged him to consider a coup d'état. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Napoleon. The diet was then dissolved. Kraus was present at the ball where Gustav was shot. Napoleon reforms on? In 1777, Gustav III was the first formally neutral head of state in the world to recognize the United States[3] during its war for independence from Great Britain. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). It seemed to many that only a swift and sudden coup d'état could preserve Sweden's independence. His Gustav III was one of the European Kings that openly supported the French enlightened thinkers fashioning himself as a Reformer-King. Examples include Catherine the Great of Russia, Frederick the Great of Prussia, and Gustav III of Sweden. Among those involved were Jacob Johan Anckarström, Adolph Ribbing, Claes Fredrik Horn, Carl Pontus Lilliehorn and Carl Fredrik Pechlin. Gustav even designed and popularized a Swedish national costume, which was in general use among the upper classes from 1778 until his death (and it is still worn by the ladies of the court on state occasions). Education and law. Kraus wrote a funeral cantata and the Symphonie funèbre, which were played at the burial ceremony on 13 April. Anckarström was chosen to carry out the actual murder. 13 January] 1746 – 29 March 1792) note on dates was King of Sweden from 1771 until his assassination in 1792. "W. Bolts' forslag till kolonisation af en ö….1786–1790", Rigsarkivet, Handel och Sjöfart, 193; cited in Åke W. Essén, "Wilhelm Bolts und die schwedischen Kolonisierungspläne in Asien", Christian August of Holstein-Gottorp, Prince of Eutin, uprising against the French monarchy in 1789, Wedding of Gustav III and Sophia Magdalena, King Gustav III of Sweden and his Brothers, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Christian Albert, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, Christina Magdalena of the Palatinate-Zweibrücken, Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg, George William, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, List of coups d'état and coup attempts by country, "Sweden's Part in the American Revolution", "Sanningen om det svenska slaveriet (SvD Premium)", "Sweden, the Slave Trade and Slavery, 1784-1847", "54 (Berättelser ur svenska historien / Nionde bandet. Reforms he had made ( while also cracking down on dissent ) was to curtail the of... 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