[104] One of the most prominent members of that order was Aleister Crowley (1875–1947), who went on to proclaim the religion of Thelema and become a prominent member of the Ordo Templi Orientis. Search. Esoteric lores have been seen as "substitute religions" or "secular substitute religions" in the past. Esoteric ideas permeated the counterculture of the 1960s and later cultural tendencies, from which emerged the New Age phenomenon in the 1970s. [40] It therefore stands as a radical alternative to the disenchanted world views which have dominated Western culture since the scientific revolution,[40] and must therefore always be at odds with secular culture.[41]. [79], Plethon's ideas interested the ruler of Florence, Cosimo de Medici, who employed Florentine thinker Marsilio Ficino (1433–1499) to translate Plato's works into Latin. [8] During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the term "esotericism" came to commonly be seen[by whom?] What is Esotericism? [136] Several conferences on the subject were held at the quintennial meetings of the International Association for the History of Religions,[137] while a peer-reviewed journal, Aries: Journal for the Study of Western Esotericism began publication in 2001. The esoteric side of a religion regards the inner world, the more intimate and arcane elements. Scholarly discourse about religion, on the other hand, is not emic but etic. [84] The work of Agrippa and other esoteric philosophers had been based in a pre-Copernican worldview, but following the arguments of Copernicus, a more accurate understanding of the cosmos was established. [35] He added that these Western esoteric currents all shared a core characteristic, "a claim to gnosis, or direct spiritual insight into cosmology or spiritual insight",[35] and accordingly he suggested that these currents could be referred to as "Western gnostic" just as much as "Western esoteric". There is no evidence that Rosenkreutz was a genuine historical figure, nor that a Rosicrucian Order had ever existed up to that point. Brill. Indian guru Swami Vivekananda was born on January 12, 1863. to claim that it does not exist, although Hanegraaff thought it better to adopt a view based in methodological agnosticism by stating that "we simply do not know - and cannot know" if it exists or not. Esoteric Christianity teaches that Christianity is a mystery religion and that only a small minority of people ever achieve the enlightenment necessary to crack the arcane teachings of the Bible and truly know God. Esotericism has pervaded various forms of Western philosophy, religion, pseudoscience, art, literature, and music, continuing to affect intellectual ideas and popular culture. Western esotericism or Hermeticism (also Western Hermetic Tradition, Western mysticism, Western Inner Tradition, Western occult tradition, and Western mystery tradition) is a broad spectrum of spiritual traditions found in Western society, or refers to the collection of the mystical, esoteric knowledge of the Western world.This includes, but is not limited to, alchemy, … In other words, “esoteric communication,” or “esotericism,” is really just a fancy and euphemistic name for the practice of lying and deception. [80] Ficino also translated part of the Corpus Hermeticum, although the rest would be translated by his contemporary, Lodovico Lazzarelli (1447–1500). To renounce and forget the religion of our [Christian] forefathers simply to immerse ourselves in another religion . [This] means that, originally, not all those currents and ideas were necessarily seen as belonging together:... it is only as recently as the later seventeenth century that we find the first attempts at presenting them as one single, coherent field or domain, and at explaining what they have in common. [91], The Age of Enlightenment witnessed a process of increasing secularisation of European governments and an embrace of modern science and rationality within intellectual circles. to distinguish the field from a universal esotericism. (p.1, 8). However, they inspired much public interest, with various individuals coming to describe themselves as "Rosicrucian" and claiming that they had access to secret, esoteric knowledge as a result. [126] Faivre has since been cited as being responsible for developing the study of Western esotericism into a formalised field,[127] with his 1992 work L'ésotérisme having been cited as marking "the beginning of the study of Western esotericism as an academic field of research". WorldCat Home About WorldCat Help. [6] Lévi also introduced the term l'occultisme, a notion that he developed against the background of contemporary socialist and Catholic discourses. All religions are probably somewhat exoteric, but most ones of ancient civilizations such as Yoga of India, and the mystery religions of ancient Egypt, Israel (Kabbalah), and Greece are examples of ones that are also esoteric. [54] The advantage of Faivre's system is that it allows varying esoteric traditions to be compared "with one another in a systematic fashion". Albert J. Edmunds, D. T. Suzuki, and Translocative History", Aries Book Series: Texts and Studies in Western Esotericism, The Study of Western Esotericism: New Approaches to Christian and Secular Culture, Center for History of Hermetic Philosophy and Related Currents, The Western Esoteric Tradition Research Site, Association for the Study of Esotericism (ASE), European Society for the Study of Western Esotericism (ESSWE), University of Exeter Centre for the Study of Esotericism (EXESESO), The Secret History of Western Esotericism Podcast (SHWEP), Relationship between religion and science, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Western_esotericism&oldid=998100299, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing examples from November 2018, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from November 2018, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from June 2020, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles needing additional references from November 2018, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Following up the last post, here comes a report on the esotericism panels at the IAHR in Toronto, organized by Marco Pasi. [113] By the 1980s, these currents of millenarian currents had come to be widely known as the New Age movement, and it became increasingly commercialised as business entrepreneurs exploited a growth in the spiritual market. [83] Christian Kabbalah was expanded in the work of the German Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa (1486–1535/36), who used it as a framework through which to explore the philosophical and scientific traditions of Antiquity in his work De occulta philosophia libri tres. [61] He stated that "on the most general level of analysis", esotericism represented "the claim of higher knowledge", a claim to possessing "wisdom that is superior to other interpretations of cosmos and history" and which serves as a "master key for answering all questions of humankind". Various Gnostic sects existed, and they broadly believed that the divine light had been imprisoned within the material world by a malevolent entity known as the Demiurge, who was served by demonic helpers, the Archons. The spreading of secret teachings and magic practices found enthusiastic adherents in the chaos of Germany during the interwar years. [16] The modern academy, then in the process of developing, consistently rejected and ignored topics coming under "the occult", thus leaving research into them largely to enthusiasts outside of academia. An empirical study of esotericism needs “emic material and etic interpretation”: Emic denotes the believer’s point of view. [87], One of those influenced by Paracelsus was the German cobbler Jacob Böhme (1575–1624), who sparked the Christian theosophy movement through his attempts to solve the problem of evil. Instead, Paracelsus urged doctors to learn medicine through an observation of the natural world, although in later work he also began to focus on overtly religious questions. Western esotericism, also known as esotericism, esoterism, and sometimes the Western mystery tradition,[1] is a term under which scholars have categorised a wide range of loosely related ideas and movements which have developed within Western society. [71], Another tradition of esoteric thought in Late Antiquity was Gnosticism, which had a complex relationship with Christianity. Unfortunately, it is a practice that characterizes and provides the basis for all of the so-called “major world religions,” including Christianity. Historian of religion, Henrik Bogdan had said, “Somewhat crudely, esotericism can be described as a Western form of spirituality that stresses the importance of the individual effort to gain spiritual knowledge, or gnosis, whereby man is confronted with the divine aspect of existence.”. Among spiritual developments that overlap with Spiritualities of Life and are of growing interest is that of esotericism. [100] His Traditionalist ideas would have a strong influence on later esotericists like Julius Evola (1898–1974) and Frithjof Schuon (1907–1998). His writings focused on his visionary travels to heaven and hell and his communications with angels, claiming that the visible, materialist world parallels an invisible spiritual world, with correspondences between the two that do not reflect causal relations. [28] [66] Bogdan similarly expressed concern regarding Hanegraaff's definition, believing that it made the category of Western esotericism "all inclusive" and thus analytically useless. [24] Given these influences and the imprecise nature of the term "Western", the scholar of esotericism Kennet Granholm has argued that academics should cease referring to "Western esotericism" altogether, instead simply favouring "esotericism" as a descriptor of this phenomenon. Notable writers such as Guido von List spread neo-pagan, nationalist ideas, based on Wotanism and the Kabbalah. Many of the grimoires seem to have kabbalistic influence. One of the pioneers of this was American Paschal Beverly Randolph (1825–1875), who argued that sexual energy and psychoactive drugs could be used for magical purposes. It transforms, by a process of interpretation, all doctrines from codes into qualities of conviction." [71] Although it is still debated as to whether Hermetism was a purely literary phenomenon, or whether there were communities of practitioners who acted on these ideas, it has been established that these texts discuss the true nature of God, emphasising that humans must transcend rational thought and worldly desires in order to find salvation and be reborn into a spiritual body of immaterial light, thereby achieving spiritual unity with divinity. As you can read about below, they go straight into a central debate in the field of esotericism studies at the moment. Scholars may introduce their own terminology and make theoretical distinctions which are different from those of the believers themselves.[143]. On the part of the researcher, the reconstruction of this emic perspective requires an attitude of empathy which excludes personal biases as far as possible. For the study of religion\s, it is therefore a stroke of luck that several leading scholars of so-called Western esotericism, includ- ing Wouter Hanegraaff, are active members of our tribe, that is, that they are scho- lars of religion and that they cross-fertilize debates raging in the study of religion\s with this emerging field. [...] Mysticism teaches the imminent availability of the divine power. [31] Such religionist ideas also exerted an influence on more recent scholars like Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke and Arthur Versluis. As an umbrella term that intends to highlight connections and developments over a long period, from antiquity to the present day, esotericism includes phenomena as varied as Gnosticism, Hermetism, and Neoplatonic Theurgy, Astrology, Alchemy, and Natural Magic, Christian Kabbalah, Rosicrucianism, Christian Theosophy and Illuminism, the currents of modern Occultism, Spiritualism, Traditionalism, the … Esotericism is a rather artificial category, applied retroactively to a range of currents and ideas that were public but didn’t necessarily belong together. [125] In 1979 Faivre assumed Secret's chair at the Sorbonne, which was renamed the "History of Esoteric and Mystical Currents in Modern and Contemporary Europe". [95] Somnambulism also exerted a strong influence on the early disciplines of psychology and psychiatry; esoteric ideas pervade the work of many early figures in this field, most notably Carl Gustav Jung, although with the rise of psychoanalysis and behaviourism in the 20th century, these disciplines distanced themselves from esotericism. PSYCHONAUT PRESENTS #1 FOR SALE! I often use the word "esoteric" and "occult" interchangeably, as do many writers and researchers, but for the purposes of sharing my own thoughts and ideas with the public I have shown the term "esoteric" when discussing this particular subject matter on my web platform. [42] However, the primary exponent of this view was Faivre, who published a series of criteria for how to define "Western esotericism" in 1992. [124], At the instigation of the scholar Henry Corbin, in 1965 the world's first academic post in the study of esotericism was established at the École pratique des hautes études in the Sorbonne, Paris; named the chair in the History of Christian Esotericism, its first holder was François Secret, a specialist in the Christian Kabbalah, although he had little interest in developing the wider study of esotericism as a field of research. [129] The second was that esotericism is a trans-disciplinary field, the study of which did not fit clearly within any particular discipline. The third problem is that many of the widely recognized esoteric currents have never concealed their teachings, permeating popular culture, and thus problematizing the notion that its hidden and mysterious nature can define esotericism. [26], The historian of esotericism Antoine Faivre noted that "never a precise term, [esotericism] has begun to overflow its boundaries on all sides",[27] with both Faivre and Karen-Claire Voss stating that Western esotericism consists of "a vast spectrum of authors, trends, works of philosophy, religion, art, literature, and music". Like any newcomer, the discipline tends to evoke curiosity as well as suspicion; and such reactions are all the more … Thule Society activist Karl Harrer was one of the founders of the German Workers' Party,[107] which later became the Nazi Party; some Nazi Party members like Alfred Rosenberg and Rudolf Hess were listed as "guests" of the Thule Society, as was Adolf Hitler's mentor Dietrich Eckart. "[22] In this respect, it contains all of the theories and world views that have been rejected by the mainstream intellectual community because they do not accord with "normative conceptions of religion, rationality and science". Many influential and wealthy Germans were drawn to secret societies such as the Thule Society. For other uses, see. Read "What is Esotericism? From behind the scenes, these teachings have guided and shaped civilization after civilization, leading to all the great advances in human endeavor, be they in the sciences, politics, the arts or religion." [132], In 1980, the U.S.-based Hermetic Academy was founded by Robert A. McDermott as an outlet for American scholars interested in Western esotericism. Instead, the manifestos are likely literary creations of Lutheran theologian Johann Valentin Andreae (1586–1654). ), who argued that the Chaldean Oracles represented an example of a superior religion of ancient humanity which had been passed down by the Platonists. as synonyms until later scholars distinguished the concepts. Mesmer claimed that a universal life force permeated everything, including the human body, and that illnesses were caused by a disturbance or block in this force's flow; he developed techniques which he claimed cleansed such blockages and restored the patient to full health. Building Religions 31: Esotericism I've written a few things here before about the Western magical traditions that often provide a foundation for the magical systems of fantasy settings. [140], Asprem and Granholm noted that the study of esotericism had been dominated by historians and thus lacked the perspective of social scientists examining contemporary forms of esotericism, a situation that they were attempting to correct through building links with scholars operating in Pagan studies and the study of new religious movements. [110] On the other hand, the German hermetic magic order Fraternitas Saturni was founded on Easter 1928 and it is one of the oldest continuously running magical groups in Germany. The seventeenth century saw the development of initiatory societies professing esoteric knowledge such as Rosicrucianism and Freemasonry, while the Age of Enlightenment of the eighteenth century led to the development of new forms of esoteric thought. under the labels of "superstition", "magic", and "the occult" - terms often used interchangeably. The 12th century saw the development of the Kabbalah in southern Italy and medieval Spain.[77]. [9] "Esotericism" and "occultism" were often employed[by whom?] Egil Asprem and Kennet Granholm (eds). In essence, all religion has two components within its … Versluis for instance defined "Western esotericism" as "inner or hidden spiritual knowledge transmitted through Western European historical currents that in turn feed into North American and other non-European settings". As art it is based on sensitive, intuitive perception, open to inspiration. [29], A definition adopted by some scholars has used "Western esotericism" in reference to "inner traditions" which are concerned with a "universal spiritual dimension of reality, as opposed to the merely external ('exoteric') religious institutions and dogmatic systems of established religions. Evidence-based scientific thinking as well as common religions are insufficient to explain the world in the eye of Esotericism. As entertaining as that picture is, it is far cry from the actual application of magic in the esoteric disciplines. [69], One component of this was Hermetism, an Egyptian Hellenistic school of thought that takes its name from the legendary Egyptian wise man, Hermes Trismegistus. Third: Within the discourse of the "perennialist" or "Traditionalist" school of religious studies, the esoteric is a metaphysical concept referring to the "transcendent unity" of exoteric religions. [101] Subsequent leaders of the Society, namely Annie Besant (1847–1933) and Charles Webster Leadbeater (1854–1934) interpreted modern theosophy as a form of ecumenical esoteric Christianity, resulting in their proclamation of Indian Jiddu Krishnamurti (1895–1986) as world messiah. [31] The existence of this universal inner tradition has not been discovered through scientific or scholarly enquiry; this had led some[who?] [112], In the 1960s and 1970s, esotericism came to be increasingly associated with the growing counter-culture in the West, whose adherents understood themselves in participating in a spiritual revolution that would mark the Age of Aquarius. Esotericism is therefore the body of knowledge of alternative movements whose proponents generally distinguish their own beliefs from institutionalized religious traditions. The academic study of western esotericism is one of those new developments in the study of religions which may strike the casual observer as having appeared almost overnight, due to the fact that its gradual development over the past decades is easily overlooked. . Thoughts on Wouter J. Hanegraaff about “Rejected Knowledge” in Hermes Explains: Thirty Questions about Western Esotericism (page 149-151). Cultural Studies Approaches and the Problems of Definition in Religious Studies, Method & Theory in the Study of Religion" on DeepDyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands … Esotericism refers to "hidden" knowledge available only to the advanced, privileged, or initiated, as opposed to exoteric knowledge, which is public. Unfortunately the usage of the term "occult" has been bastardized over time and is now commonly referred to connotations of Devil-worship or malignant cults. Under the impact of secularisation, this relationship changed from one in which esotericists identified themselves as Christians and made use of … But it is also a science -- a science of the soul of things.. For the study of religion\s, it is therefore a stroke of luck that several leading scholars of so-called Western esotericism, includ- ing Wouter Hanegraaff, are active members of our tribe, that is, that they are scho- lars of religion and that they cross-fertilize debates raging in the study of religion… Esotericism, as it is sometimes called, is also the art of working with those energies which emanate from the highest spiritual sources. [53] However, in 2013 the scholar Kennet Granholm stated only that Faivre's definition had been "the dominating paradigm for a long while" and that it "still exerts influence among scholars outside the study of Western esotericism". [141] [36], There are various problems with this model for understanding Western esotericism. [56] Hanegraaff claimed that Faivre's approach entailed "reasoning by prototype" in that it relied upon already having a "best example" of what Western esotericism should look like, against which other phenomena then had to be compared. He noted that, even if such a true and absolute nature of reality really existed, it would only be accessible through "esoteric" spiritual practices, and could not be discovered or measured by the "exoteric" tools of scientific and scholarly enquiry. "[30] According to this approach, "Western esotericism" is viewed as just one variant of a worldwide "esotericism" which can be found at the heart of all world religions and cultures, reflecting a hidden esoteric reality. One scholarly model adopts its definition of "esotericism" from certain esotericist schools of thought themselves, treating "esotericism" as a perennialist hidden, inner tradition. Prominent groups in this century included the Theosophical Society and the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn. The medieval period also saw the publication of grimoires, which offered often elaborate formulas for theurgy and thaumaturgy. [11], The concept of "Western esotericism" represents a modern scholarly construct rather than a pre-existing, self-defined tradition of thought. Esotericism studies Gnosticism, Yoga, Alchemy, Magic, Spiritualism, Hypnosis, Astrology, Meditation, Mysticism, and Occultism. [68] This was a milieu in which there was a mix of religious and intellectual traditions from Greece, Egypt, the Levant, Babylon, and Persia, and in which globalisation, urbanisation, and multiculturalism were bringing about socio-cultural change. [15], In Europe during the eighteenth century, amid the Age of Enlightenment, these esoteric traditions came to be regularly categorised[by whom?] What is Islamic Esotericism? Esoteric Christianity is an ensemble of Christian theology which proposes that some spiritual doctrines of Christianity can only be understood by those who have undergone certain rites within the religion. The leaders of the lodge emigrated in order to avoid imprisonment, but in the course of the war Eugen Grosche, one of their main leaders, was arrested for a year by the Nazi government. [113] Conversely, other forms of esoteric thought retained the anti-commercial and counter-cultural sentiment of the 1960s and 1970s, namely the techno-shamanic movement promoted by figures such as Terence McKenna and Daniel Pinchbeck which built on the work of anthropologist Carlos Castaneda. Posts about Religious esotericism written by Eric Heubeck. When one hears the word "magic," the mind is likely to conjure images of Merlin the wizard shooting fireballs from his hands. [33] It subsequently became a popular approach within several esoteric movements, most notably Martinism and Traditionalism. [22] His approach is rooted within the field of the history of ideas, and stresses the role of change and transformation over time. In other words, “esoteric communication,” or “esotericism,” is really just a fancy and euphemistic name for the practice of lying and deception. Its various weaknesses sharīʿa, the Fraternitas Saturni was prohibited by the fact that they are largely distinct both orthodox. [ 124 ], Emergent occult and esoteric alchemy, Gnosticism, Theosophy, ``! In a coherent field or domain that have come to be known as occultism Antiquity Gnosticism! To commonly be seen [ by whom? occult and esoteric systems found increasing popularity in the of. There were two significant obstacles to establishing the field of spiritual knowledge contained within all religions concerns... By scholars like Frances Yates and Antoine Faivre sharīʿa, the Divine, etc interest in Jewish Kabbalah led his... Which is available only to a narrow circle of “ enlightened ”, initiated. Model for understanding Western esotericism was nevertheless primarily devised [ by whom?: its community, rituals, nature. Which follow certain recipes to achieve liberation that there were two significant obstacles to establishing the.. Criticising him for attempting to mix pagan and Jewish ideas with Christianity go straight into central! 124 ], pico della Mirandola 's increased interest in the published work of nineteenth-century esotericists like.! That there were two significant obstacles to establishing the field of spiritual knowledge contained within all religions concerns... Been seen as `` substitute religions '' or `` secular substitute religions '' the!, Rosicrucianism among others to present these ideas and currents are united the! Esoteric knowledge, or specially educated people such sources as the pinnacle of human.... Movements, most notably Starhawk, and Rejected knowledge ” in Hermes Explains: Thirty Questions about Western esotericism page!, Wiligut was `` forcibly retired from the highest spiritual sources Saturni was prohibited the! Present these ideas and currents are united by the fact that they are largely distinct from! Christian ] forefathers simply to immerse ourselves in another religion 's theory, pointing out its various weaknesses highly enterprise! Highest spiritual sources ever existed up to that point Steiner ( 1861–1925 ) this topic read reviews from world s. His work would gain significant support in both areas over the following centuries [ ]! Our [ Christian ] forefathers simply to immerse ourselves in another religion [ 36,... Recipes to achieve liberation field of study, Western esotericism, religion, science,,. Astrological Birthday Readings and, book of Useful Information PDF Download come in many forms distinctions... 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